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1.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 27(3): 522-530, 2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: lil-722234

ABSTRACT

A aprendizagem das relações verbais de tato podem apresentar características de emergência e manutenção diferentes das relações textuais. Essas diferenças despertam particular interesse quando os estímulos que controlam tais operantes verbais pertencem à mesma classe de equivalência e a topografia da resposta é semelhante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel da função reforçadora de cada uma dessas relações na emergência de novas relações. Inicialmente, seis universitários participaram do estudo. Primeiro, foram ensinadas, através de tarefas de matching-to-sample, relações de ouvinte entre palavras ditadas e figuras, e entre palavras ditadas e palavras impressas. Após ensino, foram testadas as relações de equivalência, e a emergência de relações de tato e textual - consideradas relações de falante. Em seguida, os participantes foram submetidos a esquemas concorrentes com encadeamento para verificar a preferência por tarefas. Os resultados indicaram indiferença na preferência por tarefas, o que é consistente com o estabelecimento das relações de equivalência e com o fato dos participantes demonstrarem desempenho similar nos testes de tato e leitura. A ausência de preferência pode ter sido observada em função da indiferença da função reforçadora desses operantes, mas também pelo fato dos participantes terem um vasto e sofisticado repertório verbal. (AU)


Learning tact verbal relations may present characteristics of emergence and maintenance different from learning textual relations. These differences arouse particular interest when the stimuli that control such verbal operant belong to the same equivalent class and the response topography is similar. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of reinforcing function of each of these relationships in the emergence of new relations. Initially, six students participated in the study. First, we taught, through matching-to-sample tasks, listener relations between dictated words and pictures, and between dictated words and printed words. After training, we tested equivalence relations, and the emergence of tact and textual relations which are considered speaker relations. Then, the participants were submitted to concurrent schedules of reinforcement to evaluate preference for tasks. The results showed indifference in preference for tasks, which is consistent with the establishment of equivalence relations and with the fact that participants show similar performance on tact and textual tests. The absence of preference can be observed because of the indifference in those operant reinforcing functions, but also, because of the vast and sophisticated verbal repertoire of the participants. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Reinforcement, Verbal , Students , Choice Behavior , Universities
2.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 26(1): 136-150, 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-671515

ABSTRACT

Instruções podem evocar comportamentos novos, sem uma longa história prévia de aprendizagem por exposição a contingências de reforçamento, mas poucos estudos tem investigado a compreensão de instruções. Considerando o paradigma de equivalência de estímulos como um modelo de estudo do significado, esta pesquisa investigou se instruções incluídas em uma classe de estímulos equivalentes passam a ter o mesmo significado que os demais estímulos da classe. As instruções eram frases curtas com verbo no infinitivo. Os estímulos significativos eram ações (filmadas em videoteipe). O procedimento incluiu: (a) ensinar discriminações condicionais entre verbos falados e ações e entre verbos e figuras abstratas; (b) avaliar a formação de classes entre videoteipes e figuras; e (c) verificar o seguimento de instruções orais e das figuras equivalentes. Quatorze de 15 crianças formaram classes. A maioria também seguiu instruções. A formação de classes de equivalência estabeleceu o "significado" de instruções e favoreceu o comportamento de seguir instruções tanto orais e quanto pictóricas. O controle instrucional pelas figuras foi ligeiramente menor que o controle pelas instruções orais; porém, considerando-se que tal controle só poderia ocorrer por derivação das classes de estímulos, os resultados são conclusivos de que a equivalência é uma via para a compreensão de instruções.


Instructions may evoke novel behavior, without a previous history of learning by exposure to contingencies of reinforcement; however a few studies have investigated the comprehension of instructions. Based on the stimulus equivalence paradigm as a model for the study of meaning, this research investigated whether instructions included as members of a class of equivalent stimuli acquire the same meaning as the other stimuli in the class. The experimental instructions were short sentences. The meaningful stimuli were actions (filmed on videotape). The procedure included: (a) teaching conditional discriminations between spoken verbs and actions and between spoken verbs and abstract pictures, (b) assessing the formation of classes between actions and pictures, and (c) verifying instruction following evoked by oral instructions and by the equivalent pictures. Fourteen of 15 children showed class formation. Most children also followed the instructions. The formation of equivalence classes established the "meaning" of instructions and fostered instruction-following behavior for both oral and pictorial instructions. The control by pictorial instructions was slightly lower than the control by oral instructions, but considering that such instructional control could only occur if derived from the stimulus classes, the results are conclusive: equivalence leads to the comprehension of instructions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Discrimination, Psychological , Imitative Behavior , Reinforcement, Verbal , Child Behavior , Learning
3.
Fisioter. pesqui ; 19(4): 369-374, Oct.-Dec. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-662496

ABSTRACT

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do estímulo verbal (EV) no tempo do teste de escada (TEsc) e nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias de adultos saudáveis. Trinta e um adultos saudáveis realizaram dois TEsc (com EV e sem EV). Antes e depois de cada teste, foram avaliados os sinais vitais e a Escala de Borg. Os tempos nos TEsc foram comparados por meio do Teste t de Student para amostras pareadas e as diferenças, de acordo com a ordem de realização dos testes utilizando o Teste de Mann-Whitney. Os sinais vitais e a Escala de Borg foram comparados por meio do Teste de Friedman ou ANOVA com post hoc do Teste de Tukey. As variações foram comparadas utilizando o Teste t Student para amostras independentes ou Teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). O tempo no TEsc sem EV foi de 23,48±8,28 segundos, significativamente maior que o teste com EV, que foi de 21,60±7,18 segundos (p<0,05). Todas as variáveis aumentaram após os testes, e a Escala de Borg foi a única que teve maior variação no TEsc com EV, variando 2,5±1,4 no teste sem estímulo e 3,0±1,8 pontos no com estímulo (p<0,05). O estímulo verbal melhora o desempenho no TEsc e leva à maior sensação de esforço.


This research aimed to evaluate the effects of verbal stimuli (VS) in the time of the Stair climbing Test (SCT) and in the cardiorespiratory variables on healthy adults. Thirty-one healthy adults performed two SCT (with VS and without VS). Before and after each test, vital signs and Borg Scale were evaluated. The times in SCT were compared using the Student's t-test for paired samples, and differences were compared according to the order of the testing using the Mann-Whitney Test. The vital signs and Borg Scale were compared by the Friedman Test or ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey Test. The variations of these variables were compared using the Student's t-test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney Test (p<0.05). The time in the SCT without VS was 23.48±8.28 seconds significantly greater than the test with VS that was 21.60±7.18 seconds (p<0.05). All the variables increased after the tests and the Borg Scale was the one that had more variation in SCT with VS, ranging 2.5±1.4 in the test without VS and 3.0±1.8 points in the test with VS (p<0.05). Verbal stimulation improves performance in TEsc and leads to greater sensation of effort.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Exercise Test , Motivation , Random Allocation , Reinforcement, Verbal , Respiratory Function Tests , Spirometry
4.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 5(1): 77-81, Jan.-June 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-654432

ABSTRACT

The construction of associated word lists is important for the elaboration of psychological and neuropsychological tasks and experiments. It remains unknown whether differences exist in the semantic associations of words from childhood to adulthood, possibly indicating important lexico-semantic developmental changes that influence neuropsychological assessment. The present study compared semantic word associations in children and adults in terms of forward associative strength and set size. The participants included 247 children from the third grade of elementary school, aged 7 to 11 years (M = 9.17 years, SD = 0.83 years), and 108 adults, aged 16 to 49 years (M = 22.17 years, SD = 6.04 years) from the study of Salles et al. (2008). The task consisted of the participants responding to the first word that came to mind (associate) with a meaning related to each of 87 words presented aloud (target). The children's responses had significantly higher forward associative strength between the target and most frequent associate word and a smaller response diversity index. Although the meaning and total set size did not significantly differ between groups, 40.2% of the targets had a large meaning set size in the children compared with only 10.3% in the adults. Among the most strongly associated pairs, 56.3% were equal between the sample groups. These results suggest that the selection of stimuli for the construction of verbal cognitive tasks should consider specific word association norms for different ages.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Reinforcement, Verbal , Semantics , Word Association Tests
5.
Rev. bras. ter. comport. cogn ; 13(3): 34-51, dez. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-691800

ABSTRACT

As relações entre classes de operantes verbais e não-verbais foram estudadas em uma área denominada de correspondência: dizer-fazer; fazer-dizer. O presente estudo verificou: (1) se manipulações sucessivas de reforçadores e punições contingentes a classes de operantes dependentes e independentes (classes dizer/fazer) influenciam umas às outras; (2) os efeitos da apresentação dos reforçadores e da punição de classes de operantes independentes e (3) se reforçando e punindo classes de operantes dependentes, ocorre correspondência entre essas classes de operantes. No experimento I participaram oito universitárias, expostas a cinco fases experimentais. Os resultados do experimento I demonstraram que contingências de reforçamento foram efetivas para promover correspondência entre classes de operantes independentes para seis das oito participantes. As duas outras participantes não fizeram correspondência em todas as fases. No experimento II participaram nove universitárias, expostas a três fases experimentais. Os resultados mostraram que as contingências de reforçamento de punição durante a fase 2 foram efetivas para promover correspondência entre classes de operantes dependentes. Neste experimento foram manipuladas duas variáveis ao mesmo tempo. Para resolver este problema foi delineado o experimento III, no qual participaram oito universitários expostos a três fases experimentais. Os resultados demonstraram que as contingências de reforçamento e punição durante a Fase 2 foram efetivas para promover correspondência entre classes de operantes dependentes. No experimento III foi demonstrado que a variável controladora foi a relação de dependência funcional. O conjunto de experimentos possibilitou verificar que quando se organizam as contingências de dependência entre classes operantes, aumenta-se a possibilidade de ocorrer correspondência entre Fazer e Dizer.


The relations between verbal and non-verbal operant classes have been studied by an area called "say-do; do-say correspondence". The present study verified (1) if successive manipulations of reinforcers and punishments contingent to dependent and independent operants (say/do classes), influence each other; (2) the effects of the application of reinforcers and punishment on independent operant classes and (3) if when reinforcing and punishing dependent operant classes occurs correspondence between these operant classes. In experiment I eight female university students participated, being exposed to five experimental phases. The results of experiment I showed that contingencies of reinforcement were effective to promote correspondence between independent operant classes for six of the eight participants. The two other participants did not show correspondence in all phases. In experiment II nine female university students participated, being exposed to three experimental phases. The results showed that the contingencies of reinforcement and punishment during phase 2 were effective in promoting correspondence between dependent operant classes. In this experiment two variables were manipulated at the same time. To solve this problem experiment III was designed. In experiment III, eight university students participated, being exposed to three experimental phases. The results showed that the contingencies of reinforcement and punishment during phase 2 were effective in promoting correspondence between dependent operant classes. Experiment III was designed to identify which variable controlled participants' behavior. The results showed that the controlling variable was the relation of functional dependence. Together, these experiments made possible to verify that when dependency contingencies between operant classes are organized, the probability of correspondence between say and do occurs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dependency, Psychological , Reinforcement, Verbal , Communication Barriers , Communication , Reinforcement, Psychology , Interpersonal Relations
6.
Psicol. teor. pesqui ; 26(4): 661-673, out.-dez. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-576901

ABSTRACT

Objetivando avaliar os efeitos de estímulos antecedentes verbais sobre o comportamento, 24 estudantes universitários foram expostos a um procedimento de escolha segundo o modelo; a tarefa consistia em apontar para cada um dos três estímulos de comparação. O comportamento correto era reforçado em razão fixa 6. Na Condição 1, a ordem de apresentação dos estímulos nas Fases 2, 3, 4 e 5 era: instrução correspondente, instrução mínima, pergunta correspondente, pergunta mínima, respectivamente. As oito condições diferiam quanto à ordem de apresentação das instruções e perguntas. A instrução e a pergunta correspondente estabeleceram o comportamento correto em 95 por cento e 33 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. A instrução e a pergunta mínima não estabeleceram o comportamento correto. Os resultados têm implicações para as definições de regras.


Aiming to investigate the effects of antecedent verbal stimuli on behavior, twenty-four students were exposed to a match to sample procedure. The task consisted of pointing out to each of three comparison stimuli. The correct behavior was reinforced in fixed ratio 6. In Condition 1, the order of the presentation of the stimuli at the beginning of phases 2, 3, 4 and 5 was: corresponding instruction, minimal instruction, corresponding question, minimal question, respectively. The eight conditions differed only in the order in which the verbal stimuli were presented. The corresponding stimuli and corresponding question established the correct behavior in 95 percent and 33 percent of the cases, respectively. The minimal stimuli didn't establish the correct behavior. The results have implications on the defining of rules.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Reinforcement, Verbal , Behavior Therapy , Token Economy
7.
Pró-fono ; 22(2): 125-132, abr.-jun. 2010. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-554279

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: intelligibility measures are limited to providing information on the severity level of clinical cases. A key limitation is that such measures are sensitive to changes in performance only in subjects with a determined severity level of speech disturbance. AIM: to investigate the influence of stimuli type and transcription analysis on intelligibility measures of speakers with no communication disorders. METHOD: an experimental study with no intervention procedures was developed. Two groups of subjects with no communication disorders took part in the research. The group of speakers was composed by 30 adults. Speech samples were recorded by repeating three lists of stimuli (sentences, words and non-words) equally distributed according to parameters of frequency of phonemes, syllabic structures and word length. The group of listeners was composed by 60 young adults who orthographically transcribed the speech samples. Two transcription intelligibility measures were obtained for each list of stimuli: percentage of correct answers per syllable unit and per item (for each sentence, word and non-word). RESULTS: intelligibility scores were statistically higher for syllable units than for the other items. Regarding intelligibility scores per syllables, a statistical difference was observed amongst scores for sentences, words and non-words. CONCLUSION: both transcription analysis and stimulus type influenced the intelligibility scores of the studied population, especially when non-words were used as speech material. The handling of these variables can help to improve intelligibility tests.


TEMA: apesar de seu amplo emprego com fins clínicos e de pesquisa, as medidas de inteligibilidade da fala por transcrição são criticadas por fornecer apenas informações sobre o grau de severidade dos quadros, bem como por ter sensibilidade restrita, dependendo do grau de alteração do paciente. OBJETIVO: investigar a influência da análise de transcrição e do tipo de estímulo sobre as medidas de inteligibilidade de sujeitos sem distúrbios da comunicação. MÉTODO: um estudo experimental sem intervenção foi realizado. Dois grupos de sujeitos sem distúrbios da comunicação participaram desta pesquisa. O grupo de falantes foi composto por 30 adultos. Amostras de fala foram gravadas em áudio a partir da repetição de três listas de estímulos (frases, palavras e pseudopalavras) igualmente distribuídas de acordo com os parâmetros: frequência dos fonemas, estruturas silábicas e extensão das palavras. O grupo ouvinte foi formado por 60 adultos jovens que transcreveram ortograficamente as amostras. Duas medidas de inteligibilidade foram obtidas para cada lista de estímulos: percentagem de respostas corretas por unidade silábica e por item (cada frase, palavra ou pseudopalavra). RESULTADOS: os escores de inteligibilidade por unidade silábica foram estatisticamente superiores aos escores de inteligibilidade por item. Diferenças também foram observadas entre os escores de inteligibilidade por sílabas para frases, palavras e pseudopalavras. CONCLUSÃO: tanto a análise de transcrição quanto o tipo de estímulo influenciaram os escores da população estudada, especialmente quando as pseudopalavras foram utilizadas como material de fala. A manipulação destas variáveis pode seu útil ao aprimoramento dos testes de inteligibilidade da fala.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Communication Disorders , Speech Intelligibility/physiology , Speech Production Measurement/methods , Acoustic Stimulation , Communication Disorders/physiopathology , Communication Disorders/therapy , Phonetics , Reinforcement, Verbal
8.
Rev. bras. ter. comport. cogn ; 11(1): 119-131, jun. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-531603

ABSTRACT

Foram investigados efeitos de ganho e perda de pontos sobre a utilização de tempos verbais na construção de frases. Por meio do aplicativo VERBAL 2.0 (Tomanari, Matos, Pavão, & Benassi, 1990), 101 estudantes foram submetidos a uma tarefa na qual construíam frases utilizando seis possíveis tempos verbais. Na fase experimental, em diferentes grupos de participantes, o uso do Pretérito Imperfeito ou Futuro do Presente foi conseqüenciado por ganho (maior vs. menor), manutenção ou perda (maior vs. menor) de pontos em relação à conseqüência alternativa produzida pelo uso de qualquer um dos demais cinco tempos verbais. Resultados mostraram um aumento na freqüência do uso dos tempos verbais selecionados para reforçamento, demonstrando, assim, o controle operante sobre o uso destes na construção de frases. Pares distintos de contingências (ganho ou perda vs. manutenção de pontos) produziram efeitos reforçadores mais acentuados do que pares similares (ganho ou perda maior vs. menor de pontos), especialmente no uso do Futuro do Presente. Por meio do procedimento proposto, torna-se possível a investigação sistemática dos efeitos de contingências potencialmente aversivas sobre o comportamento verbal humano.


The present study aimed to investigate the effects of earning and losing points contingent on the use of verbal tenses in sentence construction. In the experiment, 101 students were exposed to a computerized task in which sentences were constructed by selecting one of six different verbal tenses. In the experimental phase, and in different participant groups, the use of either Imperfect Past or Future was followed by the maintenance of points, the earning of a higher vs. a lower number of points, or the loss of a higher vs. a lower number of points relative to the use of any of the other five available verbal tenses. Results showed that the contingencies involving earning points (vs. the maintenance of points) and maintenance of points (vs. loss of points) generally produced greater reinforcing effects on the use of verbal tenses than the contingencies involving earning and losing points with higher vs. lower magnitude, particularly with respect to the Future tense. The present procedure describes alternative methods of investigating the effects of potentially aversive contingencies on human verbal behavior.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , /methods , Verbal Behavior , Reinforcement, Verbal
9.
Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing ; : 72-84, 1999.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-646643

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of bladder training on self voiding after removal of catheter in female patients with craniotomy, finally to develop a bladder rehabilitation program for cognitive impaired patients. Nonequivalent control group posttest design was used. The population of this study consisted of 34 hospitalized neurosurgical patients, all patients have been received craniotomy. 17 patients were assigned to the experimental group and another 17 patients to the control group. The homogeneity of general characteristics of the subjects was no significant difference. Bladder training program consisted of pre-training education, the bladder training, positive verbal reinforcement. The experimental group has been received bladder training and the control group has been received gravity drainage. The dependent variables, the frequency of voiding trial untill self voiding achieves, the frequency of urinary retention, the amount of residual urine, the occurrence of urinary incontinence, were measured during 3 days after catheter removed. The data analyzed with SPSSWIN : frequency, percentage, t-test and chi-test were used to analyze homogeneity of general characteristics of subjects between the experimental and the control group. T-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-test were used to determine the effect of bladder training. The results of the study were as follows : There was significant difference in the frequency of voiding trial untill self voiding achieves between the experimental group and the control group. There was no significant difference in the frequency of urinary retention between the experimental group and the control group. There was no significant difference in the amount of residual urine between the experimental group and the control group. However, there was significant difference in the amount of residual urine in urinary retention patients. There was significant difference in the occurrence of urinary incontinence between the experimental group and the control group. In conclusion, bladder training program as a nursing intervention was effective in increasing self voiding ability after removal of catheter for craniotomy patients. Therefore, it is recommended to use the bladder training program clinically for the bladder management of cognitive impaired patients.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Catheters , Craniotomy , Drainage , Education , Gravitation , Nursing , Rehabilitation , Reinforcement, Verbal , Urinary Bladder , Urinary Incontinence , Urinary Retention
10.
Psicol. teor. pesqui ; 13(2): 189-195, maio-ago. 1997. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537298

ABSTRACT

Investigaram-se, neste estudo, os efeitos de instruções e da freqüência de relatos sobre a formulação de regras e solução de problemas. No Experimento 1, dois grupos de universitários foram solicitados a solucionar um problema e a descrever a sua solução. Os dois grupos receberam instruções diferentes. Uma especificava os termos da contingência programada (instrução específica) e a outra, não (instrução genérica). A formulação de regras e a redação de palavras idênticas à das instruções apareceram mais freqëntemente no grupo de instrução específica. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à solução do problema. No Experimento 2, em um dos grupos, houve relato a cada tentativa; em outro, houve relatos intercalados. Essa manipulação não afetou a formulação da regra. A formulação da regra dependeu da exposição às contingências, independentemente do número de relatos feitos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Problem Solving , Reinforcement, Verbal
11.
Professional Medical Journal-Quarterly [The]. 1995; 2 (2): 85-8
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-39339

ABSTRACT

In this prospective study 5363 patients [3195 Male and 2168 Female] were questioned about smoking habits. 1148 [21.40%] [1047 male and 101 female] were found to be smokers. Cigarette smoking was most popular mode among males [49.77%] Hukka being least popular [17%] with 33.23% smoking both. Among females Hukka was most popular [72.27%] and cigarette least popular [10.89%] with 16.83% smoking both. 45.59% males and 65.71% females stopped smoking immediately. 24.60% males and 5.71% females reduced by 50%. 5.19% males restarted smoking. All female patients complied with advice and did not restart


Subject(s)
Reinforcement, Verbal , Outpatient Clinics, Hospital , Thoracic Diseases , Tobacco Use Disorder
12.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 17(3): 315-28, 1985. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-39191

ABSTRACT

Se investigó el efecto de la retroalimentación visual (gráfica) y el refuerzo verbal, sobre el número de carreras anotadas durante el juego competitivo de jóvenes softbolistas guatemaltecas. El equipo se dividió en dos grupos, uno experimental y otro de control. Con base en el análisis individual y grupal del rendimiento de las jugadoras pudo determinarse que el grupo experimental aumentó su desempeño en un 210%, en relación a la línea base, mientras que el de control permaneció sin variaciones. La diferencia entre ambos grupos resultó significativa a nivel estadístico en la prueba U de Mann-Whitny para muestras pequeñas, a nivel de p = .009. El equipo ganó el campeonato como resultado del aumento en el rendimiento de las jugadoras experimentales. Se atribuyeron los efectos de la retroalimentación visual a un efecto disposicional con propiedades motivacionales, dada la dificultad para atribuírlos al refuerzo contingente. El único reforzador contingente fue el de tipo verbal, administrado por el entrenador. El procedimiento resultó efectivo, fácil de implementar, no interrumpió el juego y fue, además, económico, por lo que se discuten sus implicaciones para mejorar el rendimiento de los deportistas latinoamericanos, sin aumentar el costo en los recursos disponibles


Subject(s)
Humans , Baseball , Competitive Behavior , Reinforcement, Verbal , Visual Fields
13.
Pakistan Journal of Psychology. 1984; 15 (1-2): 23-8
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-5017

ABSTRACT

In an attempt to determine the cash and credit group's trend of the average speed of learning a verbal task up to three trials, it was found that the trend was upward and without significant curvature. Both humans and animals seek satisfaction and shun dissatisfaction. They improve or change their behavior and attitude towards satisfaction. This has been explained under different names by different researchers. Thorndike [1898] has explained it in terms of effects of behavior, freud [1933] in terms of pleasure principle of behavior, Skinner [1938] in terms of reinforcement of behavior, Kornhouser [1939] in terms of attitude of people, Thibaut and Kelley [1959] in terms of outcomes of behavior and Homans [1961] in terms of payoffs or profits of behavior. They all agree that consequence of behavior affects subsequent behavior. Although the present experiment falls under the category of reinforcement schedule- immediate and delayed reinforcements, it is not basically concerned with determining the differential effects of reinforcement schedules on the speed of verbal learning. It is concerned with making a trend analysis of the average speed of verbal learning up to three trials under cash and credit payment schedules


Subject(s)
Reinforcement, Verbal
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